為慶祝李德仁院士80歲壽辰，總結李德仁院士40年來在地球空間信息科學領域所作的貢獻，《地球空間信息科學學報》（Geo-Spatial Information Science，GSIS，2020年9月被SCI收錄）推出了“地球空間信息科學的挑戰與趨勢”專輯，武漢大學龔健雅院士，邵振峰教授為專輯特邀客座編輯。
本期專輯作者包括ESRI總裁Jack Dangermond、美國科學院院士Michael F. Goodchild、ISPRS現任主席Christian Heipke、ISPRS名譽會員、曾任主席John Trinder、奧地利地圖制圖協會主席Wolfgang Kainz、德國科學院院士Meng Liqiu等教授。既報道了國際更先進的有關深度學習、地理信息系統、遙感應用、地圖學、人機協作、移動地圖系統等相關研究成果，也向世界報道了中國的地球空間智能研究進展、嫦娥三號、四號月球車等令人自豪的原創性成果，同時也對非洲大陸對地觀測與地理信息科學的發展進行了關注。
■本期專輯目錄如下：
01
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Building geospatial infrastructure
構建地理空間基礎設施
Jack Dangermond & Michael F. Goodchild
文章簡介
在過去的半個世紀里，人們對地球空間（科學）技術提出了許多設想。最初，研究人員認為學科研究中的主要問題是地球空間數據處理。地理信息系統的構想作為一個早期的國際共識，應運而生。此后，又陸續出現了空間數據基礎設施、數字地球和地球神經 *** （a nervous system for the planet）等構想。
隨著信息技術的加速發展，需要勾畫一個新的藍圖，來反映當今學界對開放、多模式訪問、共享、共建、 *** 化、大數據、人工智能和數據科學等的關注。
本文詳細闡述了地理空間基礎設施的概念，并認為，如果地理空間技術有助于解決人類面臨的問題，地理空間基礎設施的建設是必不可少的。
Many visions for geospatial technology have been advanced over the past half century. Initially researchers saw the handling of geospatial data as the major problem to be overcome. The vision of geographic information systems arose as an early international consensus. Later visions included spatial data infrastructure, Digital Earth, and a nervous system for the planet. With accelerating advances in information technology, a new vision is needed that reflects today’s focus on open and multimodal access, sharing, engagement, the Web, Big Data, artificial intelligence, and data science. We elaborate on the concept of geospatial infrastructure, and argue that it is essential if geospatial technology is to contribute to the solution of problems facing humanity.
作者簡介
Jack Dangermond ESRI公司主席和聯合創始人，也是GIS技術、空間分析 *** 和測地設計領域公認的先驅。1969年，他和妻子在他的家鄉加利福尼亞州雷德蘭茲成立了ESRI，并堅定不移地支持地理信息科學，認為GIS是人類解決城市、區域、環境和全球問題的最有前途的決策工具之一。他在許多國際會議上發表了主旨演講，發表了數百篇關于地理信息系統和計算機科學、攝影測量、規劃、環境科學和制圖等不同領域的論文，并在世界各地作了數千次關于地理信息系統的演講。
Jack Dangermond is President and co-founder of Esri and a recognized pioneer in GIS technology, spatial *** ysis methods, and geodesign. In 1969, he and his wife founded Esri in his hometown of Redlands, California and ever since he has been an outspoken proponent of GIS as one of humanity’s most promising decision-making tools for urban, regional, environmental, and global problems. He has delivered keynote addresses at numerous international conferences, published hundreds of papers on GIS and in such diverse fields as computer science, photogrammetry, planning, environmental science, and cartography, and given thousands of presentations on GIS around the world.
Michael F.Goodchild 加州大學圣巴巴拉分校的地理名譽教授。他也是香港理工大學、亞利桑那州國家大學的特聘講座教授，在世界各地的大學里都有許多名譽職位。他于1965年獲得劍橋大學物理學士學位，1969年獲得麥克馬斯特大學地理博士學位。2002年當選為加拿大國家科學院院士、加拿大皇家學會外籍院士，2006年當選為美國文理學院院士，2010年當選為英國皇家學會外籍院士和相應院士；2007年，他獲得了瓦特林?路德獎（Prix Vautrin Lud）----地理學的諾貝爾獎。他的研究興趣集中在地理信息科學、空間分析和地理數據的不確定性上。
Michael F. Goodchild is Emeritus Professor of Geography at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is also Distinguished Chair Professor at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Research Professor at Arizona State University, and holds many other affiliate, adjunct, and honorary positions at universities around the world. He received his BA degree from Cambridge University in Physics in 1965 and his PhD in geography from McMaster University in 1969. He was elected member of the National Academy of Sciences and Foreign Member of the Royal Society of Canada in 2002, member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2006, and Foreign Member of the Royal Society and Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 2010; and in 2007 he received the Prix Vautrin Lud. His research interests center on geographic information science, spatial *** ysis, and uncertainty in geographic data.
02
Deep learning for geometric and semantic tasks in photogrammetry and remote sensing
攝影測量與遙感中幾何與語義任務的深度學習
Christian Heipke& Franz Rottensteiner
文章簡介
在過去的幾年里，基于深度學習的人工智能，尤其是基于卷積神經 *** 的人工智能，在幾乎所有與攝影測量和遙感相關的任務中扮演了游戲規則的改變者的角色。結果表明，從圖像定位到表面重建、場景分類以及圖像序列中的變化檢測、目標提取和目標跟蹤與識別的整個攝影測量處理鏈中的許多項目都取得了部分顯著的改進。
本文總結了攝影測量學和遙感學的深入學習基礎，并舉例說明了漢諾威萊布尼茨大學攝影測量和地理信息研究所在這一令人興奮和快速發展的研究和發展領域正在開展的不同項目。
During the last few years, artificial intelligence based on deep learning, and particularly based on convolutional neural networks, has acted as a game changer in just about all tasks related to photogrammetry and remote sensing. Results have shown partly significant improvements in many projects all across the photogrammetric processing chain from image orientation to surface reconstruction, scene classification as well as change detection, object extraction and object tracking and recognition in image sequences. This paper summarizes the foundations of deep learning for photogrammetry and remote sensing before illustrating, by way of example, different projects being carried out at the Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz University Hannover, in this exciting and fast moving field of research and development.
作者簡介
Christian Heipke 漢諾威萊布尼茲大學攝影測量和遙感學教授，目前他領導著一個大約25人的研究團隊。他的專業興趣包括攝影測量學、遙感、圖像解譯以及它們與計算機視覺和地理信息系統的聯系。他撰寫（合著）了300多篇科學論文，其中70多篇發表在同行評議的國際期刊上。他是1992年ISPRS Otto von Gruber獎、2012年ISPRS Fred Doyle獎和2013年ASPR攝影測量（Fairchild）獎的獲得者。他加入了許多學術團體。2004―2009年，他擔任EuroSDR副總裁。2011―2014年，他擔任德國大地測量委員會（DGK）主席，2012―2016年擔任ISPRS秘書長。目前是國際攝影測量與遙感學會（ISPRS）的主席。
Christian Heipke is a professor of photogrammetry and remote sensing at Leibniz University Hannover, where he currently leads a group of about 25 researchers. His professional interests comprise all aspects of photogrammetry, remote sensing, image understanding and their connection to computer vision and GIS. His has authored or coauthored more than 300 scientific papers, more than 70 of which appeared in peer-reviewed international journals. He is the recipient of the 1992 ISPRS Otto von Gruber Award, the 2012 ISPRS Fred Doyle Award, and the 2013 ASPRS Photogrammetric (Fairchild) Award. He is an ordinary member of various learnt societies. From 2004 to 2009, he served as vice president of EuroSDR. From 2011-2014 he was chair of the German Geodetic Commission (DGK), from 2012-2016 ISPRS Secretary General. Currently he serves as ISPRS President.
Franz Rottensteiner 漢諾威萊布尼茲大學（LUH）副教授，“攝影測量圖像分析”研究小組組長。他在奧地利維也納技術大學（TUW）取得博士學位。他的研究方向包括圖像定位、圖像分類、基于圖像和點云的自動目標檢測和重建以及遙感數據的變化檢測等方面。在2008年加入LUH之前，他分別在TUW和澳大利亞的新南威爾士大學和墨爾本大學工作。他撰寫或合著了150多篇科學論文，其中36篇發表在同行評議的國際期刊上。他于2004年獲得奧地利大地測量委員會的Karl Rinner獎，2017年獲得Leica Geosystems公司贊助的Carl Pulfrich Award for Photogrammetry。自2011年起，他一直是Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation的副主編。作為ISPRS第II/4工作組主席，他發起并實施了ISPRS城市目標檢測和三維建筑重建基準。
Franz Rottensteiner is an Associate Professor and leader of the research group “Photogrammetric Image Analysis” at Leibniz University Hannover. He received the Dipl.-Ing. degree in surveying and the Ph.D. degree and venia docendi in photogrammetry, all from Vienna University of Technology (TUW), Vienna, Austria. His research interests include all aspects of image orientation, image classification, automated object detection and reconstruction from images and point clouds, and change detection from remote sensing data. Before joining LUH in 2008, he worked at TUW and the Universities of New South Wales and Melbourne, respectively, both in Australia. He has authored or coauthored more than 150 scientific papers, 36 of which have appeared in peer-reviewed international journals. He received the Karl Rinner Award of the Austrian Geodetic Commission in 2004 and the Carl Pulfrich Award for Photogrammetry, sponsored by Leica Geosystems, in 2017. Since 2011, he has been the Associate Editor of the ISI-listed journal “Photogrammetrie Fernerkundung Geoinformation”. Being the Chairman of the ISPRS Working Group II/4, he initiated and conducted the ISPRS benchmark on urban object detection and 3D building reconstruction.
03
Assessing environmental impacts of urban growth using remote sensing
利用遙感技術評估城市增長的環境影響
John Trinder &Qingxiang Liu
文章簡介
本文研究了中國武漢和澳大利亞悉尼西部兩個城市的城市環境中土地利用的變化。由于混合像元是Landsat等中等分辨率圖像的特征，當用于城市區域分類時，利用人工神經 *** 預測的小波 *** ，根據一個像素范圍內城市地表覆蓋的變化，利用ME *** A和SRM相結合的 *** 提取分類分數，生成更高空間分辨率的分類圖。
對這兩個城市30年的Landsat圖像進行了植被、建筑物、土壤和水的分類。然后使用Indifrag軟件對分類進行處理，以評估30年來建筑物、植被、水和土壤面積變化所造成的分區。比較了兩個城市的植被、建筑物、水和土壤的分區，并將植被百分比與建議的城市綠地比例進行了比較，以利于居民的健康和福祉。對武漢和悉尼城市化進程中生態系統服務價值的變化進行了評估。研究人員正在評估聯合國城市可持續發展目標（SDG），以更好地實現城市的可持續性。
This paper provides a study of the changes in land use in urban environments in two cities, Wuhan, China and western Sydney in Australia. Since mixed pixels are a characteristic of medium resolution images such as Landsat, when used for the classification of urban areas, due to changes in urban ground cover within a pixel, Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis (ME *** A) together with Super-Resolution Mapping (SRM) are employed to derive class fractions to generate classification maps at a higher spatial resolution using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) predicted Wavelet method. Landsat images over the two cities for a 30-year period, are classified in terms of vegetation, buildings, soil and water. The classifications are then processed using Indifrag software to assess the levels of fragmentation caused by changes in the areas of buildings, vegetation, water and soil over the 30 years. The extents of fragmentation of vegetation, buildings, water and soil for the two cities are compared, while the percentages of vegetation are compared with recommended percentages of green space for urban areas for the benefit of health and well-being of inhabitants. Changes in Ecosystem Service Values (ESVs) resulting from the urbanization have been assessed for Wuhan and Sydney. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) for urban areas are being assessed by researchers to better understand how to achieve the sustainability of cities.
作者簡介
John Trinder 1965-1999年受雇于澳大利亞新南威爾士大學，1990-1999年升任教授和校長，2013年當選新南威爾士州名譽研究員。他目前擔任新南威爾士大學土木與環境工程學院名譽客座教授。John Trinder 教授在新南威爾士州從事教學和研究大約55年，專長是攝影測量、遙感和空間信息。他的研究興趣始終包括這些領域以及它們對研究環境影響的貢獻。他曾任國際攝影測量和遙感學會（ISPRS）主席（2000-2004年），目前是ISPRS名譽會員。
John Trinder PhD (NSW) MSc (ITC) was employed at the University of NSW, Australia, from 1965-1999, progressing to Professor and Head of the School from 1990-1999 and was elected Honorary Fellow of UNSW in 2013. He currently holds the position of Visiting Emeritus Professor in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the UNSW. John has undertaken teaching and research at UNSW for about 55 years, specializing in Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and spatial information. He maintains an interest in these areas, and their contributions to studying environmental impacts. He was President (2000-2004) of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) and is currently an Honorary Member.
Qingxiang Liu 2013年本科畢業于武漢大學，2018年獲得新南威爾士大學地理信息工程博士學位。她曾從事大規模濕地測繪、海岸線變化監測、地形幾何學和礦區植被恢復監測的遙感工作。她目前的研究方向是環境遙感研究和應用。
Qingxiang Liu received her PhD degree in Geomatics Engineering from the University of New South Wales in 2018. She finished undergraduate study at Wuhan University in 2013. She has worked on remote sensing for large-scale wetland mapping, shoreline change monitoring, landform geometry and vegetation rehabilitation monitoring for mining sites. Her current research interests include remote sensing applications to environmental studies and GIS.
04
Advances of geo-spatial intelligence at LIE *** ARS
地球空間智能研究進展
――以武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室為例
Deren Li & Zhenfeng Shao & Ruiqian Zhang
文章簡介
計算能力的增強、學習算法的成熟以及應用場景的豐富性，使得人工智能在解決地球空間信息科學（GSIS）問題時越來越具有吸引力。其中包括圖像匹配、圖像目標檢測、變化檢測、圖像檢索以及用于生成各種類型的數據模型。
本文討論了人工智能與地理信息系統在區域調整、大數據庫圖像搜索與發現、自動變化檢測、異常檢測等方面的聯系與綜合，說明人工智能可以與地理信息系統集成。最后，介紹了對地觀測大腦和智能地球空間服務（SGSS）的概念，以期推動地球觀測系統向更廣闊的應用領域發展。
The enhancement of computing power, the maturity of learning algorithms, and the richness of application scenarios make Artificial Intelligence (AI) solution increasingly attractive when solving Geo-spatial Information Science (GSIS) problems. These include image matching, image target detection, change detection, image retrieva l, and for generating data models of various types. This paper discusses the connection and synthesis between AI and GSIS in block adjustment, image search and discovery in big databases, automatic change detection, and detection of abnormalities, demonstrating that AI can integrate GSIS. Moreover, the concept of Earth Observation Brain and Smart Geo-spatial Service (SGSS) is introduced in the end, and it is expected to promote the development of GSIS into broadening applications.
作者簡介
李德仁 武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室教授。1991年當選為中國科學院院士，1994年當選為中國工程院院士。1963年和1981年分別在武漢測繪技術大學獲得學士學位和碩士學位。1985年，他在德國斯圖加特大學獲得博士學位。2008年，他被授予瑞士蘇黎世大學榮譽博士稱號。
Deren Li is a professor in State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University. He was selected as a member of Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1991 and a member of Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1994. He got his bachelor and master degrees from Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping respectively in 1963 and 1981. In 1985, he got his doctor degree from University of Stuttgart, Germany. He was awarded the title of honorary doctor from ETH Zürich, Switzerland in 2008.
邵振峰 武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室教授。1998年和2001年分別在武漢測繪技術大學獲得學士學位和碩士學位，2004年獲得武漢大學博士學位。他的研究興趣主要集中在城市遙感應用上。具體研究方向包括高分辨率遙感圖像處理與分析、從數字城市到智能城市、海綿城市的關鍵技術與應用。
Zhenfeng Shao is a professor in State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University. He got his bachelor and master degrees from Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping respectively in 1998 and 2001, and received the PhD degree from Wuhan University in 2004. His research interest mainly focuses on urban remote sensing applications. The specific research directions include high-resolution remote sensing image processing and *** ysis, key technologies and applications from digital cities to *** art cities and sponge cities.
Ruiqian Zhang 武漢大學遙感與信息工程學院的博士生。2015年獲得武漢大學遙感科學與技術學士學位。目前，她正在武漢大學遙感與信息工程學院攻讀攝影測量與遙感博士學位。她的研究興趣包括圖像/視頻處理和目標檢測。
Ruiqian Zhang is a PhD student in School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering in Wuhan University. She received the bachelor degree in remote sensing science and technology from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China in 2015. She is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing from School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering from Wuhan University. Her research interests include image/video processing and object detection.
05
Cartography and the others ?C aspects of a complicated relationship
地圖學及其他――復雜關系的方方面面
Wolfgang Kainz
文章簡介
地圖可視化已經有幾千年的歷史了，并產生了大量不同的地圖投影和地圖產品。然而，地圖學作為一門獨立的科學，在大約100年前才建立起來，它在空間學科中的地位有時會受到科學界的挑戰。它是一門建立在地圖 *** 、地球儀 *** 和地圖投影開發的悠久傳統基礎上的年輕的學科。地圖和與地圖相關的可視化在許多其他空間學科，如地理學和大地測量學中發揮著重要和不可或缺的作用。地圖學與這些傳統學科以及較新的攝影測量學和遙感學科有許多重疊。
本文回顧了人類歷史上空間和時間概念的基本方面，地圖學從地圖 *** 技術到空間科學的歷史發展，突出了該學科發展史上的主要里程碑。地圖學作為一門年輕的科學，在20世紀末面臨著重大的技術發展，在地圖學究竟是什么，以及它如何與其他空間科學，特別是地理信息系統的關系方面，經歷了幾次危機。
本文討論了地圖學面臨的主要危機和錯誤認識，并定義了地圖學的三大科學支柱。討論了地圖學與相鄰學科的關系，指出了地圖學相對于其他學科的地位。最后，討論了科學地圖學未來的發展方向。
Cartographic visualizations have been known for thousands of years and have brought forth a wealth of different map projections and cartographic products. Yet, cartography as an independent science has been established only about 100 years ago and sometimes its position among the spatial disciplines is challenged by the scientific community. In this respect it is a young science based on a very long tradition of map making, globe production, and the development of map projections. Maps and map related visualizations play an important and indispensable role in many other spatial disciplines such as geography and geodesy. Cartography has many overlaps with these traditional disciplines as well as with the more recent ones of photogrammetry and remote sensing. This paper reviews fundamental aspects of the conception of space and time throughout human history, the historic development of cartography from a technique of map making to a spatial science, highlighting major milestones in the history of the discipline. As a young science and confronted with major technological developments in the late 20th century cartography underwent several crises as to what exactly is cartography and how it relates to other spatial sciences, in particular to geographic information systems. Major pitfalls and misconceptions are discussed and the three major scientific pillars of cartography are identified. The relationships of cartography with neighboring disciplines are discussed and the position of cartography vis a vis the others is delineated. Finally, desirable future developments of scientific cartography are discussed.
作者簡介
Wolfgang Kainz 奧地利維也納大學地理和區域研究系的制圖和地理信息科學的教授，他主要從事地理信息系統的數學原理、地理信息系統中的不確定性和拓撲結構方面的研究和教學。
Wolfgang Kainz is a full professor of cartography and geo-information science at the Department of Geography and Regional Research of the University of Vienna, Austria, where he conducts research and teaching on the mathematical principles of GIS, uncertainty and topology in GIS.
06
An IEEE value loop of human-technology collaboration in geospatial information science
地球空間信息科學中人機協作的Informing―Enabling―Engaging―Empowering價值環
Liqiu Meng
文章簡介
作為大數據時代的兩大數字化主流，地球感知和社會感知正向著創造一個語義豐富的數字地球的集成系統而不斷靠攏。隨著人工智能技術的飛速發展，這種融合不可避免地帶來了一些變革。
一方面，從原始數據到產品和服務的增值鏈正在成為由四個連續階段組成的增值環――通知、啟用、參與和授權（Informing―Enabling―Engaging―Empowering，IEEE）。每個階段本身都是一個動態循環。另一方面，“人與技術”的關系升級為改變游戲規則的“人與技術”合作。
信息循環本質上是由人類和技術之間無所不在的相互作用所形成的，它們是平等的伙伴、共同學習者和新價值觀的共同創造者。
本文對IEEE循環各個階段中人與技術的相互作用和責任進行了分析性的回顧，旨在促進對地球空間信息科學技術現狀的全面理解。同時，作者還提出了人與技術相互交織協作所面臨的一些挑戰。轉變為增長心態可能需要時間來實現和鞏固。大規模語義數據集成的研究工作剛剛起步。地理視覺分析 *** 的用戶經驗遠未被系統地研究。最后，在處理語義豐富的數字地球時，倫理問題不僅包括與侵犯隱私、侵犯版權、濫用版權有關的敏感問題，還有如何使技術盡可能地為人類所控制和理解，以及如何將技術精神保持在其建設性的社會影響范圍內的問題。
Geosensing and social sensing as two digitalization mainstreams in big data era are increasingly converging toward an integrated system for the creation of semantically enriched digital Earth. Along with the rapid developments of AI technologies, this convergence has inevitably brought about a number of transformations. On the one hand, value-adding chains from raw data to products and services are becoming value-adding loops composed of four successive stages ?C Informing, Enabling, Engaging and Empowering (IEEE). Each stage is a dynamic loop for itself. On the other hand, the “human versus technology” relationship is upgraded toward a game-changing “human and technology” collaboration. The information loop is essentially shaped by the omnipresent reciprocity between humans and technologies as equal partners, co-learners and co-creators of new values.
The paper gives an *** ytical review on the mutually changing roles and responsibilities of humans and technologies in the individual stages of the IEEE loop, with the aim to promote a holistic understanding of the state of the art of geospatial information science. Meanwhile, the author elicits a number of challenges facing the interwoven human-technology collaboration. The transformation to a growth mind-set may take time to realize and consolidate. Research works on large-scale semantic data integration are just in the beginning. User experiences of geovisual *** ytic approaches are far from being systematically studied. Finally, the ethical concerns for the handling of semantically enriched digital Earth cover not only the sensitive issues related to privacy violation, copyright infringement, abuse, etc. but also the questions of how to make technologies as controllable and understandable as possible for humans and how to keep the technological ethos within its constructive sphere of societal influence.
作者簡介
孟立秋 慕尼黑工業大學地圖學教授，德國國家科學院院士。她是國際制圖協會的副主席。她的研究興趣包括地理數據集成、移動地圖服務、多模式導航算法、地理視覺分析以及社會感知中的倫理問題。
Liqiu Meng is a professor of Cartography at the Technical University of Munich, and a member of German National Academy of Sciences. She is serving as Vice President of the International Cartographic Association. Her research interests include geodata integration, mobile map services, multimodal navigation algorithms, geovisual *** ytics, and ethical concerns in social sensing..
07
Analysis of mobility data ?C A focus on Mobile Mapping Systems
移動性數據分析――以移動地圖系統為中心
Monika Sester
文章簡介
越來越多的設備可以捕捉到移動物體的位置（以及其他環境信息），從而產生了大量多樣的移動數據。為了獲得有關對象、對象行為或對象環境的重要信息，需要進行自動分析。
本文以德國漢諾威萊布尼茲大學制圖和地理信息學研究所為基礎，著重介紹了當前在流動性數據分析方面的研究問題。同時著重介紹了移動地圖車信息的分析與開發。
The increasing availability of devices to capture the position of moving objects (and other environmental information) leads to a very large amount and variety of mobility data. In order to obtain important information about the objects, their behavior or the environment of the objects, an automatic *** ysis is required. This article highlights current research questions in the context of the *** ysis of mobility data and presents them on the basis of work carried out at the Institute of Cartography and Geoinformatics (ikg) at Leibniz University of Hannover, Germany. A focus is put on the *** ysis and exploitation of information from Mobile Mapping vehicles.
作者簡介
Monika Sester 漢諾威萊布尼茲大學 *** 教授。于斯圖加特大學獲得博士學位。她的研究方向是空間數據分析的自動化，在支持數據解析、綜合和融合等許多領域內得到應用。
Monika Sester is a full professor at Leibniz University Hanover. She received her PhD and her habilitation from the University of Stuttgart. Her research interests are the automation of spatial data *** ysis, applied to many fields, e.g. data interpretation, generalization and fusion.
08
Toward a unified theoretical framework for photogrammetry
走向統一的攝影測量學理論框架
文章簡介
攝影測量的目的是從影像中獲取信息。隨著傳感技術和計算技術的日益密切的相互作用，攝影測量學的理論框架在過去幾十年中經歷了一場演變性的變化。從傳統上不同但又相關的多個學科，包括計算機視覺、攝影測量、計算機圖形學、模式識別、遙感和機器學習等，都取得了許多理論進展和實際應用。這在理論和實踐上都逐步拓展了傳統攝影測量的邊界。
本文介紹了一個新的整體的理論框架來描述各種攝影測量任務和解決方案。在這個框架下，攝影測量通常被視為一個統一優化問題的逆向成像過程。根據需要優化確定的變量，攝影測量任務主要分為圖像空間任務、圖像對象空間任務和對象空間任務，每一個任務都是一般公式的特例。本文針對每個任務提出了具有代表性的解決 *** 。根據本文工作，倡導攝影測量學研究和學習的范式轉變已經十分必要，迫在眉睫。
The objective of photogrammetry is to extract information from imagery. With the increasing interaction of sensing and computing technologies, the fundamentals of photogrammetry have undergone an evolutionary change in the past several decades. Numerous theoretical progresses and practical applications have been reported from traditionally different but related multiple disciplines, including computer vision, photogrammetry, computer graphics, pattern recognition, remote sensing and machine learning. This has gradually extended the boundary of traditional photogrammetry in both theory and practice. This paper introduces a new, holistic theoretical framework to describe various photogrammetric tasks and solutions. Under this framework, photogrammetry is generally regarded as a reversed imaging process formulated as a unified optimization problem. Depending on the variables to be determined through optimization, photogrammetric tasks are mostly divided into image space tasks, image-object space tasks and object space tasks, each being a special case of the general formulation. This paper presents representative solution approaches for each task. With this effort, we intend to advocate an imminent and necessary paradigm change in both research and learning of photogrammetry.
作者簡介
單 杰 美國普渡大學Lyles土木工程學院教授，研究方向包括從圖像和點云中提取和重建物體，城市遙感，以及時空數據和語義數據的挖掘。
Jie Shan is a Professor with the Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, USA. His research interests include object extraction and reconstruction from images and point clouds, urban remote sensing, and data mining of spatial, temporal, and semantic data.
Zhihua Hu 攝影測量和遙感專業博士生。他目前的研究方向包括網格細化和多視圖圖像三維重建。
Zhihua Hu is working toward PhD degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing. His current research interests include mesh refinement, and multi-view images 3D reconstruction.
Pengjie Tao副研究員。他的研究方向包括攝影測量學、光學圖像和激光雷達點的配準以及多視點圖像的三維重建。
Pengjie Tao is currently an associate research fellow. His research interests include photogrammetry, registration of optical images and LiDAR points, and multi-view images 3D reconstruction.
Lei Wang 攝影測量和遙感專業博士生，研究方向為三維計算機視覺，機器/深度學習和三維感知。
Lei Wang is working toward PhD degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing. His research interests include 3D computer vision, machine/deep learning, and 3D understanding.
Shenman Zhang 攝影測量和遙感專業博士生，研究方向為點云配準和建筑物重建。
Shenman Zhang is pursuing toward PhD degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing. His current research interests include point clouds registration, and building reconstruction.
季順平 武漢大學遙感信息工程學院教授。主要研究方向為攝影測量，遙感圖像處理，移動制圖系統和機器學習。
Shunping Ji is a Professor with the School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University. His research interests include photogrammetry, remote sensing image processing, mobile mapping system, and machine learning.
09
Geospatial technologies for Chang’e-3 and Chang’e-4 lunar rover missions
嫦娥三號和嫦娥四號月球車任務的地球空間技術
文章簡介
本文簡要介紹了嫦娥四號月球探測器的研制和應用情況。利用攝影測量測繪技術，在著陸前利用軌道影像生成具有米級分辨率的著陸場地形產品，并在著陸后實時生成厘米級分辨率的地形產品。在著陸后立即使用下降圖像和軌道底圖，利用視覺定位技術確定兩個著陸器的位置。在地面作業期間，基于視覺定位的月球車定位是在每個航路點使用導航攝像頭圖像進行的。地形分析和月球車定位結果直接支持航路點到航路點的路徑規劃、科學目標選擇和科學研究。開發了基于GIS的數字地圖制圖系統，用于支持移動機器人遙操作。
This paper presents a brief overview of the geospatial technologies developed and applied in Chang’e-3 and Chang’e-4 lunar rover missions. Photogrammetric mapping techniques were used to produce topographic products of the landing site with meter level resolution using orbital images before landing, and to produce centimeter-resolution topographic products in near real-time after landing. Visual positioning techniques were used to determine the locations of the two landers using descent images and orbital basemaps immediately after landing. During surface operations, visual-positioning-based rover localization was performed routinely at each waypoint using Navcam images. The topographic *** ysis and rover localization results directly supported waypoint-to-waypoint path planning, science target selection and scientific investigations. A GIS-based digital cartography system was also developed to support rover teleoperation.
作者簡介
邸凱昌 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）教授。他的研究興趣包括行星攝影測量和遙感、視覺定位和導航以及行星科學。他是國際攝影測量和遙感學會委員會間第三/第二工作組“行星遙感和制圖”的現任主席。
Kaichang Di is a professor at Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences. His research interests include planetary photogrammetry and remote sensing, visual localization and navigation, and planetary science. He is currently the chair of Inter-Commission Working Group III/II “Planetary Remote Sensing and Mapping” of International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Zhaoqin Liu 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）副教授。研究方向為行星制圖和行星GIS。
Zhaoqin Liu is an associate professor at RADI. His research interests include planetary mapping, and planetary GIS.
Wenhui Wan 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）助理教授。研究方向為視覺定位與機器人導航。
Wenhui Wan is an assistant professor at RADI. His research interests include visual localization and robot navigation,
Man Peng 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）副教授。研究方向為行星攝影測量和地形分析。
Man Peng is an associate professor at RADI. Her research interests include planetary photogrammetry, and topographic *** ysis.
Bin Liu 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）副教授。研究方向為軌道影像的幾何建模和高精度地形測繪。
Bin Liu is an associate professor at RADI. His research interests include geometric modeling orbital imagery, and high-precision topographic mapping.
Yexin Wang 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）副教授。研究方向為行星制圖和目標識別。
Yexin Wang is an associate professor at RADI. Her research interests include planetary mapping and target recognition.
Sheng Gou 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）助理教授。研究方向為利用高光譜數據對行星礦物進行反演以及行星地質學。
Sheng Gou is an assistant professor at RADI. His research interests include planetary mineral retrieva l using hyperspectral data, and planetary geology.
Zongyu Yue 中國科學院遙感與數字地球研究所（RADI）教授。研究方向為行星遙感和行星科學。
Zongyu Yue is a professor at RADI. His research interests include planetary remote sensing and planetary science.
10
Review on graph learning for dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral image
高光譜圖像降維的圖形學習
Liangpei Zhang & Fulin Luo
文章簡介
圖學習是分析數據內在特性的一種有效 *** 。它在數據降維和分類等領域得到了廣泛的應用。本文主要研究基于圖學習的高光譜圖像降維問題。
本文首先回顧了圖學習的發展及其在高光譜圖像中的應用。然后重點討論了幾種有代表性的圖學習 *** ，包括兩種流形學習 *** 、兩種稀疏圖學習 *** 和兩種超圖學習 *** 。對于流形學習，我們分析了兩種經典的流形學習 *** ：鄰域保持嵌入和局部保持投影，它們可以轉化為圖的形式。對于稀疏圖，我們引入了稀疏保持圖嵌入和基于稀疏圖的判別分析，它可以自適應地揭示數據結構來構造圖。對于超圖學習，我們回顧了二元超圖和判別超拉普拉斯投影，它們可以表示數據的高階關系。
Graph learning is an effective manner to *** yze the intrinsic properties of data. It has been widely used in the fields of dimensionality reduction and classification for data. In this paper, we focus on the graph learning-based dimensionality reduction for a hyperspectral image. Firstly, we review the development of graph learning and its application in a hyperspectral image. Then, we mainly discuss several representative graph methods including two manifold learning methods, two sparse graph learning methods, and two hypergraph learning methods. For manifold learning, we *** yze neighborhood preserving embedding and locality preserving projections which are two classic manifold learning methods and can be transformed into the form of a graph. For sparse graph, we introduce sparsity preserving graph embedding and sparse graph-based discriminant *** ysis which can adaptively reveal data structure to construct a graph. For hypergraph learning, we review binary hypergraph and discriminant hyper-Laplacian projection which can represent the high-order relationship of data.
作者簡介
張良培 1982年獲得湖南師范大學物理學士學位，1988年獲得中國科學院西安光學與精密力學研究所光學碩士學位，1998年獲得武漢測繪科技大學攝影測量與遙感博士學位。現任武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室遙感所主任。中國教育部長江學者”講座教授，中國國家科學技術部 2011-2016年中國國家重點基礎研究項目中國遙感項目首席科學家。他的研究興趣包括高光譜遙感、高分辨率遙感、圖像處理和人工智能。
Liangpei Zhang received the B.S. degree in physics from Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China, in 1982, the M.S. degree in optics from the Xi’an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, China, in 1988, and the Ph.D. degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing from Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, in 1998. He is currently the Head of the Remote Sensing Division with the State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University. He is also a “Chang-Jiang Scholar” Chair Professor appointed by the Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China, and a Principal Scientist for the China State Key Basic Research project 2011-2016 appointed by the Ministry of the National Science and Technology of China to lead the remote sensing program in China. His research interests include hyperspectral remote sensing, high-resolution remote sensing, image processing, and artificial intelligence.
羅甫林 2016年和2013年分別獲得重慶大學儀器科學與技術博士學位和碩士學位。現任武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室副研究員。他的研究方向是高光譜圖像分類、圖像處理、稀疏表示和流形學習。
Fulin Luo received the Ph.D and M.S. degree in Instrument Science and Technology from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 2016 and 2013, respectively. He is currently an Associate Researcher with the State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIE *** ARS), Wuhan University. His research interests are hyperspectral image classification, image processing, sparse representation and manifold learning in general.
11
The status of Earth Observation (EO) & Geo-Information Sciences in Africa ?C trends and challenges
非洲對地觀測與地球信息科學的現狀――趨勢與挑戰
Tsehaie Woldai
文章簡介
過去20年來，非洲在天基技術方面取得了緩慢但穩定的進展。本文建立在一份調查問卷的結果的基礎上，主要包括對非洲的工業和大學、對地觀測和地理信息科學方面的服務和教育/培訓，并結合文獻綜述和個案調查，反映了對公共部門（ *** 部委）、學術機構（大學/學院/國家或區域研究中心）以及空間機構和私營部門公司的樂觀情緒。這些部門相互交織，對于創造有利環境，解決各種緊迫的優先事項，如創造就業、減貧和可持續的資源管理等，是至關重要的。
調查結果表明，機構和市場細分的數量有所增加。目前，非洲28個國家有90多個學術機構和53個國家空間機構。在53個國家空間機構中，11個非洲國家已經將總共36顆衛星送入軌道，預計到2021年之一季度將再發射5顆；到2025年，還將發射5顆；非洲發射46顆衛星，這是10年前無法預料的。
此外，目前在6個非洲國家和17個具有地理信息技術專門知識的國家科學協會或學會設有10個接收和跟蹤站。2019年對私營公司的最新調查表明，在地球觀測和地理信息科學公司中，約有4110人在130家（非洲共229家）地球觀測和地理信息科學公司中工作。正在進行的調查表明，從事天基數據處理和地理信息技術及其相關派生產業的人數大道了15 000多人，到2025年這一數字將有望超過10萬。
Over the last 20 years, Africa has witnessed a slow but steady advancement in space-based technologies as they are increasingly recognized as an essential tool for decision-making that can leapfrog African development. A critical review on the outcome of a survey questionnaire focused on African private sector industries and universities, services and education/training in EO and Geo-Information Sciences, combined with literature review, and personal contacts reveal optimi *** for success in four sectors. These include the public sector (Government ministries and departments); Academic institutions (universities/colleges/national or regional centers); and space agencies and private sector companies. These sectors are intertwined and fundamental for creating an enabling environment for solutions to a broad spectrum of pressing priorities: job creation, poverty alleviation, and sustainable resource management. The result shows that there is an uptake in the number of institutions and market segments created. To date, there are more than 90 academic institutions and over 53 national space agencies in 28 countries. Within the 53 national space agencies, 11 African countries have already launched a total of 36 satellites into orbit, and additional five are expected by the first quarter of 2021; another five by 2025; thus, amounting to 46 satellites not foreseen ten years ago. In addition, there are now ten receiving and tracking stations in six African countries and 17 scientific National Associations or Societies with specialized expertise in Geo-Information technologies. The updated survey on the private sector in 2019 ascertained that around 4110 people are working in 130 of the 229 EO and Geo-Information Science companies identified in Africa. Ongoing investigations reiterate that companies dealing with space-based datasets and Geo-Information Sciences together with the private spin-off companies today absorb more than 15,000 people and the assumption is that this number is going to exceed 100,000 by the year 2025.
作者簡介
Tsehaie Woldai 在ITC工作多年。現任南非約翰內斯堡威特沃特斯蘭德大學地球科學學院地質遙感客座教授，中國武漢大學測繪遙感信息工程國家重點實驗室遙感客座教授。Woldai是非洲環境遙感協會（AARSE）的創始人和前任主席，非洲減少災害風險大學 *** （UNEDRA）協調員，非洲科學院院士，非洲地質學會會員，20多個著名獎項的獲得者；參與了許多ISPRS委員會和工作組（擔任主席/副主席/秘書）；作為主要或共同調查員參與了40多個國家/國際咨詢方案和20多個國際研究。
Tsehaie Woldai has worked for many years at the Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). Currently, he is a Visiting Professor of Geological Remote Sensing at the School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johanne *** urg, South Africa and a Visiting Professor of remote sensing at the State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIE *** ARS), Wuhan University, China. Woldai is the Founder and Past President of the African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment (AARSE), Coordinator of the University Network for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa (UNEDRA), a fellow of the African Acadamy of Sciences, a Fellow of the African Geological Society, and a winner of over 20 prestigious awards; involved in many ISPRS Commissions and Working Group (as Chairman/Vice Chairman/Secretary); engaged in over 40 national/international Advisory Programmes and over 20 international research as Principle or co-investigator.
關于Geo-spatial Information Science
Geo-spatial Information Science（GSIS）是由武漢大學主辦的測繪遙感專業英文期刊，主編為中國科學院院士、中國工程院院士李德仁教授。2020年9月被SCIE收錄。
GSIS 采用開放獲取形式，就是大家所說的開源期刊/OA期刊（Open Access），文章一經發表，可馬上被全球讀者免費全文下載，這種模式可以讓你的文章有更多的曝光度。
目前，在GSIS發表文章不需繳納審稿費、發表費等任何費用，完全免費。歡迎廣大測繪遙感學科的科研工作者閱讀和賜稿。如果您有需要搶首發權的高質量文章，可與我們聯系gsis@whu.edu.cn，主編/國際副主編親自為您處理，編輯部提供隨時隨地的疑問解答與狀態跟蹤。
期刊官網：https://www.tandfonline.com/tgsi
投稿網址：https://rp.tandfonline.com/submission/create?journalCode=tgsi
